Efforts to Break the Stalemate on the Western Front Essay -- Papers

Efforts to Break the Stalemate on the Western Front There are five main factors that are crucial in explaining the development of a stalemate on the Western Front. All the armies and navies of Europe faced each other across fortified front lines. The pre-war plans had succumbed to the technological surprise of 1914-15: that the withering firepower of machine-guns, cartridge rifles, and rapid-fire artillery favoured the defence. Infantry in deep trenches, fronted with mines and barbed wire and backed by artillery, could not be dislodged by frontal attack. Accordingly, military and political leaders spent the war groping for means of breaking the stalemate in the trenches. First, neutrals might be enticed to enter the war, perhaps throwing enough weight into the balance to provide victory. Second, new weapons, tactics, and theatres might break the deadlock or achieve strategic goals elsewhere. Third, more and more men and material might be squeezed out of the home economy to tip the balance of forces or wear down the enemy by economic attrition. The first of theses means determined much of the diplomatic history of the war. The second stimulated technological developments such as poison gas, tanks, and submarines, as well as the peripheral campaigns of southern Europe and the Middle East. The third determined the evolution of war economies and the character of what came to be called total war. In 1916 German strategists again turned west with the expressed intention of bleeding France white and breaking her army's spirit. The object of attack was to be the fortress of Verdun, and the plan called for substitution of ordnance for manpo... ...arose. The Schlieffen plan represented a pristine militarism: the belief that all factors could be accounted for in advance, that execution could be flawless, that pure force could resolve all political problems including the plan itself. By October 1914 all the plans had unravelled. After the German defeat in the battle of the Marne, the Western Front stabilised into an uninterrupted line for 466 miles from Newport on the Belgian coast south to Bapaume, then Southeast past Soissons, Verdun, Nancy, and so to the Swiss Frontier. Both sides dug-in, and condemned themselves to four years of hellish stalemate on the Western Front. I conclude that the most important three factors are none of them; they all are equally the same as they play their different roles in the development of a stalemate on the Western Front.

An International Investment Portfolio Accounting Essay

International investing seems to pull many investors resulted from the many benefits of the published international investing portfolio by houses all over the universe. Fund investors can play a portion in the economic growing of the other states, able to reexamine their rate of hazard, recognizing variegation effects and taking advantage of different market sections on a planetary graduated table. Globalization reflects the world-wide growing of marketing single states. These advantages may look alluring but the hazards involved for international investing must non be overlooked. In an international investing position, fiscal investings are non merely subjected to currency and political hazard. However, there are many organisations drawbacks and troubles, one of which is related to revenue enhancement issues. These failings of an organisation normally benefited those investors who are able to pull off to get the better of those troubles in a well-organised attack. 1 IntroductionThe international economic activities presently have been increased dramatically due to the investing of concern internationally. International economic systems have become incorporated through a huge web of communicating and trade with the aid of globalisation. Due to globalisation, international flow of fiscal assets have been improved by many progresss in better lower cost of communicating and conveyance, which means that geographical distances are unimportant and therefore national economic systems are closely linked. Investing portfolio normally involves the purchase of bonds, portions, stocks and assets by foreign international investors, all of them with the cardinal aim of accomplishing a fiscal net income. It works in a assortment of different ways toward the end of conserving and bring forthing net incomes. Money could be made from perchance any investing environment even though international fiscal markets are really much composite. International portfolio investing is someway hazardous. The greatest challenge faced about by all investors in doing an investing portfolio work is by cognizing precisely what to make at the right clip. The factors that usually affects are foreign exchange rates, involvement rates and revenue enhancement rates on involvements. Therefore, a well-diversified portfolio is recommended to extenuate hazard. When the investors want to broaden their investing, they will detect the international market and puting in foreign companies. The important ground why internation al portfolio investing might heighten stable returns and cut down hazard is the broader variegation. One of the benefits of broader variegation is risk-return trade-off, which is more profitable while puting internationally. Another possible benefit is the variegation of currency, which means it non merely exposed a foreign company ‘s operation, but besides to this foreign currency. As an investing fund director, the direction includes make up one's minding what assets to buy, how many to buy, and when is the best clip to buy. These determinations must hold some analysis of measurings, which typically involves expected return on the portfolio and the hazard on the return. 2 Evaluation of the listed houses2.1 Brief debut of the 3 list housesDASHANG GROUP ‘A ‘ Code: CN: DDS ( P ) explain SPECIALTY FASH.GP. ( BER ) Code: Calciferol: MVJ ( P ) explain Pacific Internet Code: Joule: PNET ( P ) explain2.2 Asses the VaR exposure of the investings 2.3 Analyzing the economic exposure of each company Figure2.3.1: Figure 2.3.2: Figure 2.3.3: 2.3.1 Arrested development Analysis Arrested development analysis is a widely used statistical tool agencies on concentrating on analysing the relationship between a dependant variable, Y, and independent variable, X, utilizing the simple additive theoretical account Y = a + bX. Regression analysis gives an apprehension on how the dependant variable Y alterations with changing independent variable Ten. The values of X and Y are inputted into Microsoft Excel and by utilizing the arrested development attack, values of a and B are calculated. Excel will so end product a drumhead consisted of a arrested development statistics table and ANOVA. The R2 is a grade of fluctuation, measured in per centum, in the dependant variable that can be accounted for by the independent variables. Multiple R is fundamentally the square root of R2. The standard mistake is an estimated value that is determined by Excel in concurrence with the estimated coefficient. Adjusted R2 is calculated utilizing All calculated values are as shown in table 2.3.1.1. explain observations ( N ) .Arrested development StatisticssDASHANG GROUP ‘A ‘SPECIALTY FASH.GP.Pacific InternetMultiple R0.598157750.6082954860.907217302R20.3577926930.3700233980.823043232Adjusted R20.3565529110.3688165460.822704235Standard Error2300.21234338.18072501118.5093191Observations520524524Table 2.3.1.1:Arrested development Statisticss 2.3.2 ANOVA ( Analysis of Variance ) There are two tabular arraies in ANOVA. 2.3.2.1 ANOVA OUTPUT I The constituents of the ANOVA were tabulated utilizing the undermentioned equations: P represents the figure of coefficients and K represents the entire figure of coefficients which in this instance k=p+1= 2.Regression df = k – 1. Residual df = n – K. Entire df = n – 1. Entire SS = Regression SS + Residual SS. Regression MS = Regression SS/ ( k – 1 ) . Residual MS = Residual SS/ ( n – K ) . F =Regression MS/Residual MS. Significance F = FDIST ( F, k – 1, n – K ) .The consequences are as shown in tabular arraies 2.3.2.1, 2.3.2.2 and 2.3.2.3.Analysis of variancedfUnited states secret serviceMultiple sclerosisFSignificance FArrested development115269395491526939549288.598.99811 & A ; times ; 10-52Residual51827407259955290976N/AN/AEntire5194267665544N/AN/AN/ATable 2.3.2.1:ANOVA end product I – DASHANG GROUP ‘A ‘Analysis of variancedfUnited states secret serviceMultiple sclerosisFSignificance FArrested development1446954.807446954.807306.62.40467 & A ; times ; 10-54Residual522760954.7721457.8N/AN/AEntire5231207909.58N/AN/AN/ATable 2.3.2.2:ANOVA end product I – Forte FASH.GP.Analysis of variancedfUnited states secret serviceMultiple sclerosisFSignificance FArrested development134098162.834098162.82427.91.8982 & A ; times ; 10-198Residual5227331207.4514044N/AN/AEntire52341429370.2N/AN/AN/ATable 2.3.2.3:ANOVA end product I – PACIFIC Internet 2.3.2.2 ANOVA OUTPUT II The following phase is the coefficients. ( Note that the Numberss have been converter to 3 denary topographic points to salvage infinite ) . It gives the coefficient for each parametric quantity, including the intercept. T-stat value is the ratio of the estimated coefficient value divided by the standard mistake value. T-stat value can be compared across all variables in comparing with the criterion error.. The p-value is associated with the variable, and the assurance intervals of the parametric quantity estimates as evaluated by Excel.Analysis of varianceCoefficientsStd. MistakeT statP-valueLower 95 %Upper 95 %Intercept-4642.803833.091-5.5734 & A ; times ; 10-8-6279.455-3006.151X Var 11212.555971.37716.9889 & A ; times ; 10-521072.3321352.78Table 2.3.3.1:ANOVA end product II – DASHANG GROUP ‘A ‘Analysis of varianceCoefficientsStd. MistakeT statP-valueLower 95 %Upper 95 %Intercept424.12819.53521.7116 & A ; times ; 10-75385.751462.505X Var 1-165.3979.446-17.512 & A ; times ; 10-54-183.953-146.84Table 2.3.3.2:ANOVA end product II – Forte FASH.GP.Analysis of varianceCoefficientsStd. MistakeT statP-valueLower 95 %Upper 95 %Intercept-412.87230.206-13.671 & A ; times ; 10-36-472.213-353.532X Var 19.1250.18549.2732 & A ; times ; 10-1988.7619.488Table 2.3.3.3:ANOVA end product II – Pacific Internet 2.3.3 Assurance Time intervals for Slope Coefficients 95 % assurance interval for incline coefficient & A ; szlig ; 2 is from Excel end product ( -1.4823, 2.1552 ) . Excel computes this as b2 Â ± t_.025 ( 3 ) – Se ( b2 )= 0.33647 Â ± TINV ( 0.05, 2 ) – 0.42270= 0.33647 Â ± 4.303 – 0.42270= 0.33647 Â ± 1.8189= ( -1.4823, 2.1552 ) . Other assurance intervals can be obtained.For illustration, to happen 99 % assurance intervals: in the Regression duologue box ( in the Data Analysis Add-in ) , look into the Confidence Level box and set the degree to 99 % . 2.3.4 Test of Statistical Significance The coefficient of HH SIZE has estimated standard mistake of 0.4227, t-statistic of 0.7960 and p-value of 0.5095.It is hence statistically undistinguished at significance degree a = .05 as P & gt ; 0.05. The coefficient of CUBED HH SIZE has estimated standard mistake of 0.0131, t-statistic of 0.1594 and p-value of 0.8880.It is hence statistically undistinguished at significance degree a = .05 as P & gt ; 0.05. There are 5 observations and 3 regressors ( intercept and ten ) so we use t ( 5-3 ) =t ( 2 ) .For illustration, for HH SIZE P = =TDIST ( 0.796,2,2 ) = 0.5095. 2.3.5 Test Hypothesis on a Regression Parameter Here we test whether HH SIZE has coefficient & A ; szlig ; 2 = 1.0. Example: H0: & A ; szlig ; 2 = 1.0 against Ha: & A ; szlig ; 2? 1.0 at significance degree a = .05. ThenT = ( b2 – H0 value of & A ; szlig ; 2 ) / ( standard mistake of b2 ) = ( 0.33647 – 1.0 ) / 0.42270 = -1.569.2.3.5.1 Using the p-value attackp-value = TDIST ( 1.569, 2, 2 ) = 0.257. [ Here n=5 and k=3 so n-k=2 ] .Do non reject the void hypothesis at degree.05 since the p-value is & gt ; 0.05.2.3.5.2 Using the critical value attackWe computed t = -1.569The critical value is t_.025 ( 2 ) = TINV ( 0.05,2 ) = 4.303. [ Here n=5 and k=3 so n-k=2 ] .So make non reject void hypothesis at degree.05 since T = |-1.569| & lt ; 4.303.2.3.6 Overall Test of Significance of the Regression Parameters We test H0: & A ; szlig ; 2 = 0 and & A ; szlig ; 3 = 0 versus Hour angle: at least one of & A ; szlig ; 2 and & A ; szlig ; 3 does non equal nothing. From the ANOVA tabular array the F-test statistic is 4.0635 with p-value of 0.1975. Since the p-value is non less than 0.05 we do non reject the void hypothesis that the arrested development parametric quantities are zero at significance degree 0.05. Conclude that the parametric quantities are jointly statistically undistinguished at significance degree 0.05. Note:Significance F in general = FINV ( F, k-1, n-k ) where K is the figure of regressors including the intercept. Here FINV ( 4.0635,2,2 ) = 0.1975. 2.3.7 Predicted Value of Y Given Regressors See instance where x = 4 in which instance CUBED HH SIZE = x^3 = 4^3 = 64. yhat = b1 + b2 x2 + b3 x3 = 0.88966 + 0.3365-4 + 0.0021-64 = 2.37006 2.3.8 Excel Restrictions Arrested development in Excel has a figure of restrictions:No standardized coefficients. It was really hard to construe unstandardised coefficients. The standardized coefficients could be calculated utilizing the unstandardised coefficient if it is needed.Lack of diagnostic graphs. The standard diagnostic graphs were non available in Excel, such as the secret plan of the remainders, the scatter-plot or remainders against predicted values.Lack of Diagnostic statistics. There were no co-linearity nosologies, which would supply a more apprehension of the informations that was analyzed.Excel standard mistakes and t-statistics and p-values are based on the premise that the mistake is independent with changeless variable. Excel does non supply alternaties, such autocorrelation criterion mistakes and t-statistics and p-values.3 Decision 4 Mentionhypertext transfer protocol: //www.qimacros.com/qiwizard/regression.htmlhypertext transfer protocol: //mallit.fr.umn.edu/fr4218/assigns/excel_reg.htmlhypertext transfer protocol: //www.jeremymiles.co.uk/regressionbook/extras/appendix2/excel/

The Proslogion By Saint Anselm - 1937 Words

In the book, The Proslogion, written by Saint Anselm, we find the Ontological Argument. This argument made by Saint Anselm gives us proofs that he believes helps prove the existence of God. Anselm gives many reasons as to why the simple understanding of God can help prove that God himself exists, as well as mentioning how the idea of God cannot be thought not to exist. Though this argument has been looked at by people such as Guanilo, a monk, whose response to Anselm s proofs was trying to say that there were flaws, there are more reasons as to why Anselm s proofs work well with his argument. From the understanding of God existing, and the idea behind greatness Anselm s argument is one that is strong and can work as a proof when trying†¦show more content†¦If a person can realize that God is the greatest thing, and nothing greater can be thought, than they simply believe that he would exist, even if they do not realize they believe in him. Continuing off this idea of God being the greatest idea that can be thought, and how the thought of God is in everybody s mind, Anselm mentions â€Å" If that- than-which- a-greater-cannot -be-thought exists in the mind alone, this is the same than that- which- a- greater- can- be- thought is than that-which-a-greater-can-be-thought. Therefore there is absolutely no doubt that- than-which- a-greater-cannot -be-thought exists in both the mind and reality† (Anselm 88). This proof that is given to us by Anselm is helping to show that God is something that is an idea in everybody s mind, but existing only in the mind is not enough. As said before Anselm states that no one can think of anything greater than God, but if God was something that was only an idea in people s’ heads then there would be ways for people to think of things greater than God. Though if God existed outside of someone s mind, in reality, then it would be impossible for anyone to think of anything bigger than God and because God is something in which nothing greater can be thought, he must exist in both the mind and reality. Now, based off of these proofs made by Anselm, he believes that since God is that which nothingShow MoreRelated Exposing the Weakness of Saint Anselm of Canterbury’s Ontological Argument1198 Words   |  5 PagesExposing the Weakness of Saint Anselm of Canterbury’s Ontological Argument In a world of scientific inquiry, atheism, and the assassination of God, we are often neglectful of our Glorious God’s existence. With new theories of neuropsychology, quantum physics, gene therapy, evolution, and psychobiology, we are constantly forced to edge God out of our lives, to be replaced with cold, empty scientific thought. 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