IBM History

IBM or International Business Machines is a well-known  American computer manufacturer, founded by Thomas J. Watson (born 1874-02-17). IBM is also known as Big Blue after the color of its logo. The company has made everything from mainframes to personal computers and has been immensely successful selling business computers. The Beginning of IBM On June 16, 1911, three successful 19th-century companies decided to merge, marking the beginnings of IBM history. The Tabulating Machine Company, the International Time Recording Company, and the Computing Scale Company of America joined together to incorporate and form one company, the Computing Tabulating Recording Company. In 1914, Thomas J. Watson Senior joined CTR as CEO and held that title for the next twenty years, turning the company into the multi-national entity. In 1924, Watson changed the company’s name to International Business Machines Corporation or IBM. From the beginning, IBM defined itself not by selling products, which ranged from commercial scales to punch card tabulators, but by its research and development. IBM History of Business Computers IBM began designing and manufacturing calculators in the 1930s, using the technology of their own punch card processing equipment. In 1944, IBM together with Harvard University financed the invention of the Mark 1 computer, the first machine to compute long calculations automatically. By 1953, IBM was ready to completely produce their own computers, which began with the IBM 701 EDPM, their first commercially successful general-purpose computer. And the 701 was just the beginning. IBM History of Personal Computers In July 1980, Microsofts Bill Gates agreed to create an operating system for IBMs new computer for the home consumer, which IBM released on August 12, 1981. The first IBM PC ran on a 4.77 MHz Intel 8088 microprocessor. IBM had now stepped into the home consumer market, sparking the computer revolution. Outstanding IBM Electrical Engineers David Bradley joined IBM immediately upon graduation. In September 1980, David Bradley became one of the original 12 engineers working on the IBM Personal Computer and was responsible for the ROM BIOS code.

Martin Luther King, Jr Essay - 1153 Words

After Being Dragged out of their homeland, brought to an unknown country, and forced to be slaves, African-Americans saw a road trip to equality through the eyes of Martin Luther King, Jr. Even after being emancipated from slaves to citizens, African-Americans were not ready to wage the battle against segregation alone. The weight which African Americans carried on their back, was lightened when they began to see what Martin Luther King, Jr. brought to the table against segregation. Martin Luther King, Jr. was the single most important African-American leader of the Civil Rights Movement and was responsible for dramatically improving the chance of equality for African-Americans. Martin Luther King, Jr. was the key individual, which helped†¦show more content†¦Kings speaking ability increasingly improved over time. At the time, No one knew that attribute would propel him to the forefront of the Civil Rights Movement. On December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks, one of the leaders of the local branch of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People [NAACP] refused to give up her seat to a white person on a segregated city bus in Montgomery, Alabama, despite being reprimanded by the driver (Schulke 166). Montgomery, Alabama was known for its terrible treatment of blacks. The buses in particular had been a source of tension between the city and black citizens for many years (Schulke, 167). As a result of refusing to give up her seat, Rosa Parks was arrested. Rosa Parks popularity among the black community, proved to be the spark that ignited the non-violent Civil Rights Movement (Norrell 2). For more than a year, the African-American community in Montgomery successfully boycotted the city bus company, Montgomery City Bus Lines, which resulted in the loss of much needed revenue to support the city expenses. The Bus Boycott was the impetus for many whites to act violently towards African Americans in Montgomery. Being an avid member of the NAACP, King became much involved in the boycott. Kings non-violent approach towards the boycott obviously drew a lot of attention. Kings home in Montgomery was firebombed by openly racist members of the Ku Klux Klan [KKK] (Norrell 1). Seeing that the busShow MoreRelatedMartin Luther King Jr.867 Words   |  4 Pagespeople, one of them is Martin Luther King Jr. He made the world a better place for black citizens by doing non-violence movements and marched the way to freedom. Martin Luther King Jr. was born on January 15, 1929, in Atlanta Georgia as Michael King Jr., but changed his name to Martin Luther King Jr. in honor of Protestant Martin Luther. Through his activism, King played a pivotal role in ending the legal discrimination of African American citizens. During his childhood, Martin Jr.’s father stronglyRead MoreMartin Luther King Jr1194 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Simmons 1 Gabrielle Simmons Mrs. Fitzgerald Social Studies 8A 4/27/10 Martin Luther King Jr. Martin Luther King Jr. is a well known and an inspiring man to all cultures of the world. King was and still is one of the most influential heroes. King s views and believes helped African Americans through the 50 s and 60 s to the rights and liberties that was their right. King faced many obstacles on his journey, things like jail and even assassination attempts. Despite these obstacles,Read MoreMartin Luther King Jr.1078 Words   |  5 PagesMartin Luther King, Jr., was a very strong person, constantly fighting for what he believed in, which was equality for African Americans. He was not scared to stand up and tell the world what he wanted for society. He was fearless and did everything in his power to prove a point. Martin Luther King, Jr., was the strongest individual of his time, for he fought until death, which proves how much he was willing to risk his life to make the world an equal place. Growing up, he had a very interestingRead MoreBiography of Martin Luther King, Jr745 Words   |  3 PagesMartin Luther King, Jr. (January 15, 1929-April 4, 1968) was born on in his mothers parents large house on Auburn Avenue in Atlanta, Georgia. He was the second child, and was first named Michael, after his father. Both changed their names to Martin when the boy was still young. King JR was born into a financially secure family middle class with that, They received better education in respect to most people of their race. King Jr, noticed this and this influenced him to live a life of social protestRead MoreEssay on Martin Luther King, Jr.591 Words   |  3 PagesMartin Luther King, Jr. Martin Luther King, Jr. was born at home on Tuesday, January 15, 1929 in Atlanta, Georgia. His parents were Martin Luther, Sr. and Alberta King. He was born into a world where segregation was the law. Where his boyhood best friend, who was white, wasnt allowed to play with him once they started school. Where black people went to separate bathrooms, drank from separate water fountains, couldnt eat in whites only restaurants, and had toRead MoreMartin Luther King Jr.1144 Words   |  5 PagesMartin Luther King Jr. (January 15 1929-April 4, 1968) Brief Summary (of who MLK Jr. is): Martin Luther King Jr. was a Baptist minister and an activist who led the civil rights movement in the 1950. He was a fundamental force behind the civil rights movement that ended legal segregation. He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964. But he was sadly assassinated in 1968 on a second floor balcony of Lorraine Motel in Memphis, Tennessee†¦ Childhood: Martin Luther was never poor. He lived with a middleRead MoreMartin Luther King Jr.2405 Words   |  10 PagesMartin Luther King Jr. was a Baptist minister and social activist, who led the Civil Rights Movement in the United States from the mid-1950s until his death by assassination in 1968. IN THESE GROUPS NOBEL PEACE PRIZE WINNERS FAMOUS PEOPLE WHO DIED IN 1968 FAMOUS PEOPLE WHO WENT TO PRISON FAMOUS CAPRICORNS Show All Groups 1 of 19  «  » QUOTES â€Å"But we come here tonight to be saved from that patience that makes us patient with anything less than freedom and justice.† —Martin Luther King Jr. Read MoreMartin Luther King Jr. Essay1862 Words   |  8 Pagesbut the content of the character,† (Martin Luther King Jr,1963) Martin Luther King Jr. was a smart child and had a good childhood. He learned values from his parents, and Martin Luther King Jr was a man of much wisdom during his time. He was a major contributor to the civil rights movement, and those contributions have profound effect even today. Michael Luther King was Martin Luther King Jr’s name when was born. His parents changed his name to Martin Luther King when he was just a young boy. TheyRead More Martin Luther King Jr. Essay637 Words   |  3 Pages Martin Luther King, Jr. was perhaps one of the most influential person of our time. As the father of modern civil rights movement, Dr.Martin Luther king, Jr., is recognized around the world as a symbol of freedom and peace. Born January 15, 1929, King was the son of an Atlanta pastor. King accomplished many achievements during his life. He graduated from Morehouse as a minister in 1948 and went on to Crozer Theological seminary in Chester, Pa., where he earned a divinity degree. After that KingRead MoreThe Legacy of Martin Luther King Jr.1123 Words   |  4 PagesMartin Luther King Jr. (January 15, 1929 - April 4, 1968) was known as an activist and a remarkable leader for African Americans throughout the Civil Rights Movement. He was put in jail for his non-violent civil rights campaigns, spoke out for racial justice, and tried to find an end to racial discrimination. King’s legacy is still known present day, and continues to be one of the most well known leaders. Throughout Martin Luther King Jr.’s lifetime and the Civil Rights Movement, King was devoted

Research Proposal Larvae Therapy Free Essays

Natalie Merrier Student nurse yr Declaration of interest: I have chosen to investigate this topic as I have only worked with one patient using lave therapy treatment (contained) and was often designated the task of redressing and watering the lave, this particular gentleman did not mind the therapy and referred to the lave as â€Å"his little friends† I could not help but wonder f he wound have been so compliant if they were loose in his wound and if this would have made any difference to the healing process. Abstract: This article plans to compare the use of contained or caged maggots to those placed directly onto the wound bed itself (referred to in this research proposal as free range). All care has been taken to ensure that patient safety comes first and if at any point a healthcare professional feels that the treatment is not affective for the patient they will be excluded from the research and commenced on a more suitable or preferred treatment. We will write a custom essay sample on Research Proposal Larvae Therapy or any similar topic only for you Order Now I expect to find in my results that free range maggots are more effective, however patient tolerance will be better with contained lave due to fear of lave escaping the dressing and sensation if overlapped onto healthy skin. Introduction Maggots, many recent articles comparing debasement versus maggot therapy. Less information available on the application of maggots and how that effects the treatment and effectiveness of the maggots ability to debris, disinfect and stimulate healing. Rotational method of free range maggots Vs.. Contained maggots in gauze or muslin bags. Validity and reliability Lit review/background â€Å"Accounts of maggots used on open wounds date back to the Old Testament. † (Bare 1931; Peachtree and Sherman 1983) Bear 1931, treated a WWW soldier on a battlefield using maggots for a femur fracture and abdominal wound. Observed that the wounds were covered in maggots, after cleaning the wounds noticed that the wound bed consisted of healthy granulating tissu e. U to this he began studying maggots and there effect on open wounds in detail and pioneered the international treatment of skin infections with childhood fly rave in 1931 it was deemed safe, effective and economical at this time and was widely used until 1950 when antibiotics and surgical debarment therapy became more popular treatment option as suggested by; (Apothecaries Education Research Foundation [BETTER], 2003; Fleischmann, Grabbers, Sherman, 2004; Maggots on wounds have been used for Debarment, disinfection, stimulation of healing and billion inhabitation and eradication. Although these benefits have use particularly useful in pressure ulcer treatment and diabetic foot ulcers. As suggested y Bear (1931), Horn Cob and Gates (1976) Sherman (2002), Stevedore (2004) and -rampant (2007) Research has been conducted into the sub-species of maggots that is most effective by: REFERENCE And also research has been conducted into patient tolerance of the treatment by: REFERENCE However, less research has been done to see if patient tolerance and containment are directly related, and the extent that containment hinders the debarment process. Sample Inclusion and exclusion: No participant’s with services sepsis or gangrene and need amputation (due to the risk of patient) one of the sample group shall be diabetic as this will affect the rate of healing and cause results to be skewed. For the same reason the wounds on each patient must be about the same size and depth with equal quality of tissue (ox. CM 70% slough, for example). To keep my research fair and ethical I intend to select clients of similar age and health for a fair opportunity for contained and free ranged maggots. Due to the nature of this research in intend to select 6 patients and use 3 for each option as long as they consent and tolerate the treatment. Hypothesis/predicted results: I predict that although â€Å"free range† maggots will be more effective at debarring the wound quickly, suggested to be more effective in previous research articles Stevedore P, Jacobin CE, Osama a study conducted in the Netherlands. Wimp Fleischmann, Martin Grabbers (2004) patient preference will lie with contained or caged lava, in addition suggested that the staff applying the dressing would generally prefer the contained lava to free ranged ones. METHOD: (quantitative) statistical numerical data, comparing contained to free range goats on open wounds and infected skin tissue. (Quantitative) survey of the experience for the patient using contained or free range maggots, the combination of both meaner that I will use a triangulation method. To determine the patients feelings towards the treatment I will provide a simple questionnaire. To determine the effectiveness of the treatment itself the wounds will be measured every 2 days when the dressings are removed to give water to the maggots with a photo at start and finish helping distinguish the improvement of quality of tissue in the wound bed. Analysis Evaluation Results Ethics Patient aware of research? Know they are able to opt out of experiment at any time? F maggot treatment no longer suitable MET will recommend stopping the maggot treatment and using alternative therapy such as surgical debasement. References Bare, W. S. (1931). The treatment of chronic storytelling with the maggot (larvae of the blowfly). Journal of Bone and Joint surgery, 13, 438-475. 8. Bare WAS. Sacra-iliac Joint?arthritis deformations?viable antiseptic in chronic storytelling. How to cite Research Proposal Larvae Therapy, Essays

Charitable Trusts in Ireland free essay sample

One of the most significant changes made by the Charities Act 2009 came in s. 39 of that Act, which established a ‘Charities Regulatory Body’ to regulate charities. Case law still largely defines ‘charitable purpose’. The main advantage of being classified as a charitable purpose trust is that many of the disadvantages which would apply otherwise can be avoided; the rule against perpetuities doesn’t apply (although the trust must vest in a perpetuity period); the rule against having non-human beneficiaries can be ignored; and certain tax exemptions accrue. The case of Christ’s Hospital v Grainger was the case in which it was held that a gift over from a charity to a charity isn’t subject to the rules against perpetuities. The Cy-Pres jurisdiction of the Courts allows them to get involved to monitor charities so if their purpose changes or the charity comes to an end it allows orders to be made about the property so that it is used for a purpose as similar as possible to the purpose of the original charity. Definition of ‘charity’: The old legislation in this area didn’t set out a definition, but the preambles set out examples of what might be considered charitable purposes; the Courts expanded this definition based on ‘the spirit of the preamble’. There are four categories of charitable trusts set out in Pemsel’s Case by Lord MacNaughton. These are trusts for: 1)The relief of poverty; 2)The advancement of education; 3)The advancement of religion; 4)Other purposes beneficial to the community. There was always a difficulty with the fourth factor given its possible very wide scope. Therefore the 2009 Act sets out a list of purposes that are encompassed in the fourth category in s. 3(11) (e. g. protection of the environment). In Ireland and England, in order for a trust to qualify as ‘charitable’, it must not only serve one of the above purposes, but it must also serve the public benefit, and pass the ‘public benefit test’. The list is not intended to be exhaustive. In England they have s. 2 of the Charities Act 2006 to define charitable purposes. The 2009 Act includes e. g. voluntary work, urban regeneration, advancement of art, culture heritage or sciences etc. hich are clearly very broad categories. Trusts for the Relief of Poverty: The obvious questions raised by this category are how poor must the beneficiaries be, and how many of them must there be. In this context, ‘poor’ is a relative term; in the Re Colthurst case, it was said that in this context, poverty doesn’t mean destitution, but instead the idea of people having to go short having regard to their status. This case concerned a trust for the benefit of orphans and widows of bank officials who were in poverty. In the case of Re Segelman, a trust in favour of ‘needy relatives’ was upheld as being charitable; it was acknowledged that most of the members of the class weren’t affluent but needed help from time to time. However, the Court did limit the number of beneficiaries here, since the class was not to be closed until twenty one years after the testator’s death, and although at the time of death there were only twenty six individuals in the class, in twenty one years it would expand greatly, and the Court found that it cannot have been the intention of the testator to give gifts to after-born issue. In the Histed Article, the author is particularly critical of this wide definition of ‘poor’, as it means that the Courts have come close to saying that an occasional problem of expenditure exceeding income qualifies someone as ‘poor’, which is not a good approach. It should be noted that these trusts must benefit a class of individuals, as if they benefit named individuals they qualify as private, and not charitable, trusts. In terms of the ‘public benefit test’ in the context of this category, the test has been reduced â€Å"almost to vanishing point† according to Hanbury, because of the advent of poor employee and poor relative cases. The case of Re Scauisbrick concerned a small class, which were the needy relations of the testator’s sons and daughters. Lord Evershead said that the cases concerning ‘poor relations’ can be justified on the grounds that the relief of poverty, no matter whose poverty it is, is an altruistic act and is thus of public benefit. In the case of Dingle v Turner, a trust had been established to benefit the poor retired employees of a firm. The House of Lords upheld this trust as charitable, with Lord Cross saying that a class of over six hundred individuals was not too small to qualify as a charitable trust. However the issue with this case was that the issue of the definition of ‘poor’ wasn’t addressed. The important thing therefore when setting up a charitable trust for the relief of poverty is to benefit a class, not individuals. Issues with the area are still the fact that ‘poverty’ is ill-defined, and the public benefit test is not rigidly applied. The advent of the Charities Act 2009 has altered the position in Ireland in relation to poor relatives and employees cases, since it specifies that trusts will not be upheld as charitable where there is a close connection between potential beneficiaries and the testator; this close connection includes where they are close relatives and employees, and so in Ireland it is doubtful that such trusts will be upheld in future. Trusts for the advancement of education: The concept of what is ‘educational’ in order to qualify a trust as legally charitable has often been debated. In England there are two possible approaches. The first can be seen in the case of Re Shaw, which concerned the will of George Bernard Shaw. It stated that the trustees have to provide for research inter alia into the advantages of reform of the alphabet. Harman J stated that â€Å"if the object be merely the increase of knowledge that is not in itself a charitable object unless it be combined with teaching or education† so the gift was not upheld. The second can be seen in Re Hopkins Will Trusts a more expansive interpretation of ‘education’ was put forward by Lord Wilberforce. A gift to a society to help them search for the Bacon-Shakespeare manuscripts was held to be valid. Lord Wilberforce disagreed with Harman J saying that the word ‘education’ should be extended beyond teaching, although he did accept that research of a purely private matter would not be educational. In this jurisdiction in In re the Worth Library Keane J commented that he felt the approach in Hopkins was a lot more reasonable. This case concerned a library in a hospital. The Court rejected the idea that it fell under the category of educational as only three people had access to it and so this is taking this beyond the already liberal meaning. However, it was still upheld as charitable as it was adjudged to come under the fourth Pemsel category of other purposes beneficial to the community. The case of Oppenheim v Tobacco Securities Trust Co. Ltd concerned a trust for the education of children of all of the employees and former employees of a company. This case was a very important one in clarifying the public benefit aspect of charities for the advancement of education. It was held that the trust must fail because the distinguishing quality of the class of beneficiaries was a relationship with a named propositus, and they were not a section of the public per se. This has been a heavily criticised decision. It was noted by Lord Cross in the later Dingle v Turner case that the motivating factor behind the decision might be the ‘undeserved fiscal immunity which would be the result of finding charitable status’. Quite possible this issue will be reassessed in the next appropriate case. The case of OConnell v Attorney General concerned a trust to give money to the male descendants of the testator’s brother to obtain professions (through university education). It was held not to be charitable, because it clearly failed the public benefit test, nor could it be upheld even to a limited extent as it breached the rule against perpetuities as no beneficiary may have been alive at the testators death, and they could stay in education ‘to obtain a profession’ as long as they wanted, and there was no limit to the number of them there could be. In Magee v Attorney General High Court a broad approach towards the meaning of education was taken by Lavan J. Lavan J stated that the activities carried on in the local community school which largely consisted of the running of self-help groups must be deemed educational in nature. Trusts for the advancement of religion: This is a very complex and uncertain area, dealing with such a sensitive issue. Section 3(4) of Charities Act 2009 provides that â€Å"it shall be presumed, unless contrary is proved, that a gift for the advancement of religion is of public benefit’. Section 3(5) provides that Charities Regulatory Authority can’t make a determination that gift for advancement of religion is not of public benefit without the consent of the Attorney General. Section 3(6) provides that a charitable gift for advancement of religion shall have effect and shall be construed in ‘accordance with the laws, canons, ordinances and tenets of the religion concerned’. Finally, section 99 provides that a person who sells mass cards other than according to an arrangement with recognised persons shall be guilty of offence. Gifts to ecclesiastical office holders: The important distinction to draw in this area is that a gift for the benefit of the incumbent of an ecclesiastical office for the time being is charitable, while a gift to the particular individual who happens to hold that office will not be. In the case of Gibson v Representative Church Body, a bequest to the chaplain of the Rotunda Hospital and his successors was upheld as charitable; however, a bequest in a codicil to that same will for the chaplain’s personal benefit was not charitable. In Donnellan v ONeill a bequest to a cardinal absolutely and for his own benefit was held to be a gift to him in his private capacity, and thus not a charitable gift. The test was described by Kindersley VC in Thornber v Wilson as being whether the testator designates the individual as such, or as being the person who happens to fill the officeâ€Å". Gifts for the celebration of masses: This was a particularly common area of benevolence in Ireland over the centuries, and thus there is a fairly large body of case law concerning it. It is certainly a charitable purpose, and was designated as such by s. 45(2) of the Charities Act 1961, but it is an area which for a long time provoked considerable uncertainty and controversy. Historically the legal principles applicable differed considerably between England and Ireland. The question of the charitable nature of the gifts for the saying of masses, and whether it was necessary to specify that they be said in public, was resolved by the Irish Court of Appeal in the case of OHanlon v Logue. Here, a testatrix devised and bequeathed her property on certain trusts and then on trust to sell it and invest the proceeds and pay the income thereof from time to time to the Roman Catholic Primate of all Ireland for the time being for the celebration of masses for the repose of the souls of her late husband, her children and herself, the will containing no direction that these masses be said in public. The Court of Appeal upheld the charitable nature of the gift and made it clear that a bequest for the saying of masses, whether in public or not, constituted a valid charitable gift. This decision has been followed on a number of occasions, and the issue was put beyond any doubt by the enactment of s. 45(2) of the Charities Act 1961. In England, the law in this area was clarified by the case of Re Hetherington. Here, Browne-Wilkinson VC confirmed that gifts for the saying of masses are prima facie charitable, since it is for a religious purpose and contained the necessary elements of public benefit because in practice the masses would be celebrated in public. While he stressed that the celebration of a religious rite in private would not contain this essential public element, the Vice Chancellor made it clear that where either construction was possible, the gift was to be construed as one to be carried out only by charitable means (i. e. celebrated in public). Trusts for the Other Purposes Beneficial to the Community: Examples of the types of charitable purposes were set out recently in the new Charities Acts, which is a new departure. Prior to the 2006 Act in England and the 2009 Act in Ireland, this was regarded as a residual catch-all category. Interpretation of what it meant varied over the years. There were two main approaches. In the Attorney General v National Provincial and Union Bank of England case, the point was made that not all trusts beneficial to community are necessarily charitable, and you also have to show a charitable purpose, which is quite a rigid approach. A more flexible interpretation of this point was applied recently. In the case of Incorporated Council for Law Reporting for England Wales v Attorney General, it was suggested that the purpose of the trust possibly fell under education as well as the fourth category. Russell LJ held that if a purpose is shown to be of sufficient benefit to the community, it is prima facie charitable; here it was held to be so by the Court of Appeal. This was a much less strict approach, which made it easier to qualify. A case which is helpful in setting out the scope of this area is the Northern Irish case of Re Dunlop. It should be noted that in England and Northern Ireland, the 1st category of poverty relief included the purpose of ‘help of the elderly’ with it, as happened in this case. It involved a request to found a home for elderly Presbyterians; the Court concluded that this was a charitable purpose, and the fact that the beneficiaries were only allowed to be Presbyterians didn’t negative the fact that this was still of public benefit. The judge seemed to be taking view that it’s actually quite difficult to qualify under the 4th category, and made obiter statements that to qualify, there should be no limitations to the gift that would prevent the public as a whole from benefiting. Therefore, in this fourth category, the public benefit test seems to be tricter than in any of the other categories. Is the test for ‘public benefit’ objective or subjective? The Courts in Ireland have generally held that it is subjective, with due weight given to the viewpoint of the donor, provided it is not illegal or immoral, while the Courts in England and Northern Ireland have held it’s an objective test. In the important Irish case of Re Cranston, Lord Justice Fitzgibbon and a majority of the Court of Appeal held that it should be a subjective test, based not on the view of the judge, nor on general public opinion. Instead, the benefit must be one the founder believes to be of public advantage, but it must be rational, and not contrary to law or morality. In the English case of Re Hummeltenberg, a gift was made to a College for the training of Mediums, which was held not to be a charitable purpose. The Court looked at the Irish case law, but said that it should be a matter for the Court to decide, which is an objective approach. The Irish approach was reaffirmed in the case of In re the Worth Library. Important legislative changes took place with the coming into force of the Acts†¦s. (11) lists purposes ‘a’ to ‘l’ under the fourth category, but it is not an exhaustive list. It included two factors which hadn’t arisen in case law: the protection of the natural environment; and the advancement of environmental sustainability. It contains no mention of the advancement of human rights after much debate on this topic during its drafting, especially since this is a factor in the English equivalent of this legislation, which contains these factors in s. 2(2). Subsection (h) in the English legislation discusses human rights. A purpose included in the English Act, but not in the Irish Act, is (g), the advancement of amateur sport, which is proving very controversial. The areas mentioned in the Irish Act are: (a)Gifts for the elderly and sick: In the case Re Robinson a gift for people over the age of sixty five in a certain area, was upheld as charitable; (b)Gifts for the sick and hospitals: In the case of Re McCarthy’s Will Trusts, Budd J upheld as charitable gifts to a charity promoting trips to Lourdes for sick people. An important Supreme Court decision was given in Barringtons Hospital v Valuation Commissioner, in which a hospital sought to challenge the loss of its exemption from ratings tax, saying it was charitable. Kingsmill Moore J said that these trusts are charitable, and it didn’t matter that the hospital charged some people. In the case of In re the Worth Library, the library facilities were only available for three people, but Keane J said it as still charitable because it gave them a haven in which to relax, and that meant the whole hospital benefited. (c)Gifts for sporting and recreational purposes: In Common law jurisdictions, gifts to promote a sport are not charitable usually, but providing general recreational facilities can be charitable sometimes. In the 1950’s in England, the Recreational Charities Act was introduced, which deemed as charitable recreational facilities provided in the interest of social welfare; this legislation spawned many cases. In Guild v IRC, a testator left a gift to be used in connection with a sports centre, and the House of Lords said that this was a charitable gift; they said that the facilities for recreation did improve people’s quality of life, even if the people who benefited were not in a position of relative social disadvantage. There was a Northern Irish decision along same lines in Springhill Housing Action Committee v. Commissioner of Valuation, in which a community centre was upheld as charitable. There was only one Irish case until recently which was Shillington v Portadown UDC, where it was held that it was a valid charitable gift to give money to the local council to build facilities to encourage healthy recreation. In the relatively recent case of National Tourism Development Authority v Coughlan, there was a gift to a golf club, but this was for the promotion of a particular sport, and so was not charitable according to Charleton J, who held that the more exclusive the enterprise, usually the less likely it is to have as its sole purpose the betterment of society in general. d)Gifts for the benefit of animals: The case of Armstrong v Reeves concerned a gift to a charity for the abolition of vivisection, which was regarded as a charitable purpose under the fourth miscellaneous charitable purpose; this case was decided in the late 19th century. The issue was seen again in the 1940’s in the National Anti-Vivisection Society v IRC case, but here the House of Lords performed a balancing exercise, and said that the benefit to humanity outweighed the cruelty to the animals, and thus the purpose of the trust was held not to be charitable. e)Gifts for political purposes: It has long been established that a gift for an existing political party is not charitable; in Re ni Brudair, a gift to the benefit of ‘Republicans to advance their cause as it was between the years 1916 to 1920’ was too vague, and the Court said that it had a political objective and thus was not charitable. There is a grey area in the area of human rights. The case of McGovern v Attorney General is an important one in this area. Here, Amnesty International was trying to set up another organisation to promote human rights in other countries through diverse political means. The Judge said that this new organisation couldn’t be charitable because they were going to try to achieve their goals by changing other countries’ laws. He said that using such methods could not be charitable. This approach has been criticised because it constitutes a very broad ban on any donations to political organisations constituting charitable gifts. This decision had also been criticised in the Hanbury and Martin textbook, since it introduces double standards, as existing charities already campaign for political change, but ones seeking charitable status to do so cannot; this is an inconsistent approach.

Utilitarianism Theory Essays - Utilitarianism, Philosophy Of Life

Utilitarianism Theory The Utilitarian Theory is a much more structured theory than Egoism, but which one is better? Is it better to bring the most happiness to the most people, or is it better to maximize the happiness of the single individual? Well, in the perfect world you use both theories in conjunction, but if you must choose one or the other, utilitarianism is definitely the one to be used. This is the case because it is structured to use a subjective review instead of objective in the case of egoism. A point system given to the quality of happiness can be the only true way to judge what is best for everyone. On the other hand, who is given the right to choose how strong the happiness is in a given situation. How can we say for sure that winning the lottery gives more happiness than getting married? I believe that this is one problem for the Utilitarianism view. Even though the theory uses a rigid point system, the circumstances are different in every situation; therefore it should give different point values depending on the other factors in the situation. Everyone has a different opinion on what deserves the highest point value. For instance, let's say that 50 men think having an endless supply of money is the most important aspect of life, but 50 different men think having a good lover is the most important aspect of life. Depending on which group you ask you will get different answers on determining your point system for Utilitarianism. I believe this is the case across the board. Utilitarianism is a great theory if you can find the right way to determine the point system that it uses. One other issue that arises in this theory is dealing with immoral decisions by saying that it is in the best interest of the entire group. Is it right to cause pain to an individual for the better of the group? By this theory the answer is yes! QUESTIONS 1. How should the rigid point system be determined? 2. Is it possible to use both theories to define a situation and what course of action should be taken? Are there any situations that would result in total happiness for all?

Working Like an Elephant Eating Like an Ant Essay Example

Working Like an Elephant Eating Like an Ant Essay Example Working Like an Elephant Eating Like an Ant Paper Working Like an Elephant Eating Like an Ant Paper Soga Fajimi Dr. Matos 15 October 2010 English 101 Working Like an Elephant, Eating Like an Ant Where there is no law there can never be sin. In the same scale where there are two or more witnesses the truth shall be established, Human rights describe equal rights and freedom for everybody by the fact of being human and without distinction of any kind of race, color, sex, language, religion, political or other opinions. However, many people have always suffered from the lack of them throughout history. In fact, the lack of human rights has a lot of effects on people lives. In Up Against Wal-Mart, Karen Olsson describes unacceptable ways by which Wal-Mart treat their employee while Sebastian Mallaby in â€Å"Progressive Wal-Mart. Really† views same company as a savior to the poor and low income families. We can see the pro and con from both sides. Threatening employee from forming union, violation of the equal pay law, zero payment for overtime, paying below the minimum wage, rub Paul to pay Apollo. To see whether the Wal-Mart reaction against its employee from joining the union is wrong or right, we need to know the definition or what the labor union stand for. Labor union is an association of workers that seeks to improve the economic and social well-being of its members through group action. A labor union represents its members in negotiations with an employer regarding all the terms and conditions of an employment contract. These negotiations are called collective bargaining, which is concerned with wages, working hours, fringe benefits, job security, safety and other related to an employee’s working condition. This process is now a crucial part of the labor union movement and an accepted practice in many industrial nations. Olsson states â€Å" In 10 separate cases, the National Labor Relations Board has ruled that Wal-Mart repeatedly broke the law by interrogating workers, confiscating union literature, and firing union supporters†(p 435). Many employees have been fired just because they show interest in joining union. Since they are not allowed to join union all the fringe benefit had been forfeited. It does not speak well when employees are enslaved by the employer. It should be noted that Wal-Mart is obliged to offer the same pay and benefits for they cannot prove that the difference in pay or benefits has resulted because of a reason other than one related to the gender of the employees. By doing so they have violated The Equal Pay Act of 1963 EPA 29 U. S. Code Chapter 8  § 206(d). The Equal Pay Act (part of the Fair Labor Standards Act) which prohibits wage discrimination by employers and labor organizations based solely on sex. It goes thus in section (d) of the Act Prohibition of sex discrimination: (1) No employer having employees subject to any provisions of this section shall discriminate, within any establishment in which such employees are employed, between employees on the basis of sex by paying wages to employees in such establishment at a rate less than the rate at which he pays wages to employees of the opposite sex in such establishment for equal work on jobs the performance of which require equal skill, effort, and responsibility, and which are performed under similar working conditions, except where such payment is made pursuant to (i) a seniority system; (ii) a merit system. From the above it is very clear that Wal-Mart has violated the Act, Olsson mentioned in two different occasion where Wal-Mart pay the female worker less than the male counterparts. He states â€Å"The retailer also faces a sex discrimination law suit that accuses it of wrongly denying promotions and equal pay to 700,000 women† (344). Secondly, â€Å"†¦the company pays female store managers less than men in the same position† (350). Even Hillary Clinton when she was a first lady in Arkansas she was appointed to make sure that man and women are of equal benefit. But all the two scenarios mentioned above occurred after, this has testifies that Wal-Mart are taken law into their hand. There should be no reason where any company or organizations like Wal-Mart pay less than the minimum wage as stated by the United States Department of Labor. Olsson described the wages as low as anything, imaging an employee McLaughlin who has been with the company for three years still earning $16,800 a year and considered high-paid. I don’t think having second job should be criteria to survive in life. With the fact that they pay less than ought to, they deducted $85 as health insurance coverage from the $550 they pay every two week. In a situation like this you don’t work to live rather you live to work. We should have concluded that Mallaby deserver honorary award in his column â€Å"Progressive Wal-Mart. Really† on November 28, 2005 where He described Wal-Mart as savoir and Samaritan for poor. He states â€Å"The average customer earns $35,000 a year, compared with $50,000 at Target and $74,000 at Costco. Moreover, Wal-Mart’s â€Å"everyday low prices† make the biggest to the poor† (357). The question is that can there be leg without head? I believe Mallaby must have received his own share from $6. 6 billion profits pocketed by Wal-Mart. If a company makes a profit of over $6 billion, I see no reason why those behind such huge should suffer. The employee of such company that work like an elephant should in the same scale eat like elephant and not like an ant. It is good to satisfy customer or consumer but such satisfaction should be justify and not to rub Paul in order to pay Apollo. Mallaby should have considered a case where Wal-Mart was forcing employees to work overtime without pay and found guilty of violating the wage-and-hour laws by the jury in Oregon and put himself in the same shoe with employees. All the money that has been wasted to organize anti-union seminars and those spent on video should be for the better living of the employee. Martin Levitt confessed to have helped the company in developing tactics for anti-union also must have received national cake from the company such motion in nothing but unjust and wrong I believe that soon Mallaby too will confess. To this end Wal-Mart should use it’s convenience to inconvenient employer rather than the other way round it’s slogan â€Å"everyday low price† should be extended to employees It is the biggest private employer in the United States. Not only biggest employment, I have no doubt that it has accumulated an amazing history of being sued for many reasons, including illegally preventing the unionizing of its workers, and just about every other imaginable violation of workers rights: discrimination against the disabled, sexual discrimination, lack of health care coverage, and unpaid overtime. In the US most of its workers are without health care, and the salaries it pays are, on average, lower than the industry norm. In the recent year there were many class action lawsuits pending against the company in different states in the US for violations of overtime laws. It lost most the class action lawsuit where women proved that they suffered gender discrimination as employees of the company.

Cafe D. Pownd Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cafe D. Pownd - Case Study Example This is prepared by two to one chef.Lastly; the cafe has a payment line (L3) that has two cashiers who work even in the peak hours. Due to huge number of the residence the cafà © has experienced major challenges in the congestions due to the layout of the cafeteria. Ordinarily the cafeteria that is found at the learning institutions should enable the student’s food without wastage of time whatoever.However; this has been in the opposite. The general layout of the cafà © including the serving area was not done appropriately. This is because most of the activities are done in the building thereby causing congestion. The problem with the cafà © is that it lacks space to accommodate the large number of people during the peak seasons. The congestion has caused more problems since there is confusion in the queues. This is because many people fail to understand the line they are in especially when there is much congestion during the peak season. This therefore wastes the time of people as they have to make several rotations to get the right line thereby wasting more time. The congestions have also affected the beverage service significantly. The customers have to cross the precooked and the interactive lines before going to the serving zones. This causes father congestions and more spillovers. The customers have also been affected financially as the beverage and the food timings are not congruent and therefore the customers have to buy more beverages compromising their budgets. As it has been seen there has been congestion in the cafeteria. These congestions have caused the customers to experience long waiting hour. The precooked average time to get the food is 5.8 minute. This means that this time will be used for student to get to the counter and order the food. The customer will take 5.12 minutes for him/her to pay the bills. This implies that the

Assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Assessment - Essay Example A closed book exam, for example, requires the person being examined to rely on memory to answer the questions. Examinations are also formal or informal. Formal tests normally result in test scores or grades. A standardized test is a type of exam that is usually consistently administered and scored for legal defensibility (Thissen and Wainer, 2001). This type of exam is used in professional certification, education, psychology, military as well as many other fields. On the other hand, non-standardized tests are flexible in format and scope and also variable in significance and scope, as they depend on the person who has set the exam. Why this Assessment Instrument was Chosen This assessment instrument was chosen because it is a universal tool that is applied in many parts of the world. Moreover, it is approved and recognized by many countries, professional and academic bodies. Examination is also the best instrument of assessment because it is very valid and reliable. Almost every per son must undergo through an examination in many areas of life and hence, it is well known and appreciated by people of all races, ages, gender or social backgrounds. Importance of Examination Examination, as an assessment mode started in china and later spread to other parts of the world. Though it was historically used to select people who would serve in the government, it was later applied in education to determine the skills, knowledge and other qualifications of the candidates. ... grades from standardized tests are very useful because they determine if an individual qualifies for a certain job, professional or academic program (Phelps, 2005). In some countries, additionally, standardized tests are used to manage their institution’s quality. For instance, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) applies (PISA), Program for International Student Assessment, to evaluate certain knowledge and skills of students who may be participating from many countries. Furthermore, Phelps, (2005) states that specific governing bodies use standardized exams to determine if the participant has the permission to practice a certain profession, use a certain job title, or claim competency in certain set skills. For instance, a candidate who wishes to be a lawyer is normally required to successfully pass a bar tests by governing bodies like governmental bar licensing agency. Exams are also used to regulate immigration in certain countries. In Australi a, for example, standardized tests are used to award citizenship to immigrants after passing the citizenship test. Competition is another importance of exams. Tests are used to select participants who have success potentials in a competition like school contests. Finally, examinations are used by social or other groups to select individuals who would join their groups. Mensa International, for instance, is a society with high IQ and requires individuals to at least score 98th percentile supervised IQ test to become members (Thissen, and Wainer, 2001). Validity and Reliability Examination is very reliable as an assessment tool especially in education and other professional qualifications. Thissen and Wainer, (2001) believes that standardized exams in education should be continued because it is

Strategic Marketing Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Strategic Marketing Management - Essay Example Strategic marketing plan is appropriately observed as a continuous process as this assists the particular organization to recognize the objectives that it aims to attain. In this context, it is important to be noted that the objectives of any organization cannot remain the same throughout and needs to be changed according to the alterations in the business environment. In this period of ever changing business environment, only a proper strategic marketing plan can help an organization sustain. Strategic Marketing Planning in the Sports Sector The sport industry has started to acknowledge the worth and the need of a proper plan of strategic marketing. There have been little facts regarding the relationship that is said to exist among the performances and a proper marketing plan in relation to an organization. However, there has been conflict between numerous researchers of sports about the fact that unless enhancements are made in the actions of a strategic marketing plan, it would not be possible for the sports industry to persist to live on in an environment that is so competitive (Shoham & Kahle, 1996). The process for designing a proper strategic marketing plan with regard to the sports industry is proposed below.... In this context, it is important to be noted that the objectives of any organization cannot remain the same throughout and needs to be changed according to the alterations in the business environment. In this period of ever changing business environment, only a proper strategic marketing plan can help an organization sustain. Strategic Marketing Planning in the Sports Sector The sport industry has started to acknowledge the worth and the need of a proper plan of strategic marketing. There have been little facts regarding the relationship that is said to exist among the performances and a proper marketing plan in relation to an organization. However, there has been conflict between numerous researchers of sports about the fact that unless enhancements are made in the actions of a strategic marketing plan, it would not be possible for the sports industry to persist to live on in an environment that is so competitive (Shoham & Kahle, 1996). The process for designing a proper strategic m arketing plan with regard to the sports industry is proposed below. The steps that are included in the proposed structure are based on the studies of Shilbury & Et. Al. (1998), Kotler (1997), McDonald (1999) and Lancaster & Massingham (1996): 1. Ascertaining the mission statement of the organization 2. The corporate objectives associated with the particular organization should be laid down 3. Analyzing the environment of the market To evaluate the external market environment where the organization competes that is the outside forces and the competitive market among others To evaluate the inner environment of the organization that is the financial capabilities of the particular organization, marketing, and manufacturing among others 4. Performing a SWOT

Aging With A Developmental Disability Social Work Essay

Aging With A Developmental Disability Social Work Essay The life expectancy and age-related medical conditions of adults with Developmental Disabilities are similar to that of the general population unless they have severe levels of cognitive impairment, Down syndrome, cerebral palsy, or have multiple disabilities. Some research has indicated that sensory, cognitive, and adaptive skill losses happen earlier for adults with Down syndrome compared to the general population and other adults with intellectual disabilities (Heller, 2011). For adults with Down syndrome, indicators of dementia may often be caused by other conditions that are remediable such as hypo/hyperthyroidism, depression, and sensory impairments (Heller, 2011). The rising numbers of older adults with Developmental Disabilities will intensify the need for services and supports that allow them to maintain functioning and remain living as independently as possible, whether they are living with family or in other residential settings. Examples of such services and supports comp rise of personal care services, assistive technologies, home health care, and other in-home supports (Heller, 2011). Older adults with Developmental Disabilities differ widely in their desire to retire, with many preferring to continue participation in work or vocational activities. Major health issues for adults with Developmental Disabilities living in the community are proper nutrition and sufficient exercise (Heller, 2011). Because adults with Developmental Disabilities are living longer, families have a longer period of care giving responsibility. While there has been an increase in funding for family support programs in the last ten years, these programs represent a small portion of spending for Developmental Disabilities services, and often target families of young children (Heller, 2011). Mindfulness of the growing numbers of individuals with developmental disabilities, who are aging, has directed service providers to focus on the needs of these individuals and the systems capability to assist them suitably. The re-conceptualization of disability from a medical model to a social model significantly affects the service system, the supports required by an individual and the prospects society has for an individual with a disability as he or she ages (Kavarian Long, 2008). Before entrance to a nursing home, a screening must be completed for every person with a developmental disability. Persons with developmental disabilities who are found to be unsuitably placed in a nursing home must be discharged (Kavarian Long, 2008). Unless the individual has a substantial disability such as Down syndrome, cerebral palsy (CP), multiple disabilities, or a severe level of cognitive impairment, the life expectancy and age-related medical conditions of elders with developmental disabili ties are similar to that of the general population (Kavarian Long, 2008). The growth of the service system is grounded in the belief that individuals with developmental disabilities will develop and function optimally if they are included in society and afforded the same skills with the appropriate supports as those without disabilities (Kavarian Long, 2008). A needs-based service system provides customized, particular services, based on the exclusive strengths, needs, and preferences of the older individual, and is the favoured service system for elders with developmental disabilities. Specific health issues are associated with elders with developmental disabilities. However, as seen in the general population, obesity and cardiovascular disease (CVD) can affect all persons with developmental disabilities (Kavarian Long, 2008). Individuals with an intellectual disability have the equivalent, if not a higher, occurrence of obesity than adults without an intellectual disability (Kavarian Long, 2008). Furthermore, it requires a larger effort on the part of caregivers to support obese individuals with intellectual disabilities, thus placing caregivers at greater risk for health problems such as lower back pain and injuries (Kavarian Long, 2008). Individuals with developmental disabilities living in a community need right of entry to supportive care providers and skilled healthcare clinicians who are well-informed about the person, the disorder of the individual, and the arrangement of services and supports available to them (Kavarian Long, 2008). These practices identify that adults with developmental disabilities are aging and with increasing life expectancies, there will be a need for a larger range of wide-ranging, unified services (Kavarian Long, 2008). Decisions about treatment, admission to care accommodations and personal support services, descriptions of ability to make decisions and the selection of a substitute decision maker are governed by the Health Care Consent Act (OPADD), 2008). The Substitute Decisions Act specifies that the substitute decision-maker for personal care may not be someone who is paid to deliver the individual with health care, residential, social, and training or support services unless the person is a spouse, partner or relative (OPADD, 2008). In the event that the person moving to the long term care home disagrees with the appointment of a substitute decision-maker he/she can go to the Consent and Capacity Board to request a review of his/her capacity to make choices for personal care. In a Power of Attorney for personal care, an individual appoints another person to make personal care decisions on his/her behalf in the event that the individual becomes unable to do so (OPADD, 2008). Power of Attorney for personal care allows the substitute decision-maker(s) to make decisions related to personal care, such as health care, shelter, clothing, nutrition and safety. The person named as Attorney for personal care must not be someone who is paid to provide the individual with health care, residential, social, training or support services unless the person is a spouse, partner or relative (OPADD, 2008). With federal and provincial government support, local health experts should develop community-based health promotion programs that are available and modified to aging persons with developmental disabilities. Also, families providing care to an adult with a developmental disability need improved access to the information and services that can support them in this role. Older adults with developmental disabilities themselves recognized the following features as significant for their social integration (Minister of Public Works and Government Services Canada, 2004). The Reena Foundation structured an Ontario-wide conference in March 1999 to address the systemic barriers to gaining access to services by older persons with developmental disabilities and to facilitate partnership between specialists working in the long-term care and developmental disability divisions (OPADD, 2008). With provincial government support, local service agencies should deliver a variety of support services for aging adults with developmental disabilities that include outreach, information, support with activities of daily life such as shopping and banking, modified day programs and assistance in residence planning well in advance of the need for placement (OPADD, 2008). Home care providers should make available respite care and homemaking services to family caregivers of older adults with developmental disabilities. All individual and community service providers and specialists should provide care and services to aging persons with developmental disabilities in a way tha t respects their decisional abilities, their principles and their preferences in order to foster their empowerment (OPADD, 2008). The federal and provincial governments should offer greater safeguards for economically vulnerable older persons with developmental disabilities and their family caregivers. For instance, by increasing disability benefits to persons living at home with family and by permitting refundable tax credits for disability-related expenses (OPADD, 2008). One recent national Canadian survey of developmental disability agencies in Canada puts forward that most remain to have group homes as their main model of residential services, followed by independent apartment living (mainly in Ontario) and then by other residential sites (Minister of Public Works and Government Services Canada, 2004). Services for persons with developmental disabilities are delivered in a way that reflects them as full citizens enabled to be treated with respect for their rights and fully incorporated in society. Cooperation between the seniors and the development disability sectors to deliver support to a mounting population of older persons with developmental disabilities is challenging (Minister of Public Works and Government Services Canada, 2004). This is because each sector has restricted resources and is disinclined to take on another group of clients. Coordinating service distribution between sectors is difficult and service providers are often deficient i n the knowledge and practice with respect to either seniors or developmental disability (Minister of Public Works and Government Services Canada, 2004). All governments should increase the amount and diversity of housing choices for older adults with developmental disabilities and their caregiver parents, predominantly in rural or smaller urban areas. Options should contain supportive housing with access to community services and amenities. Service providers working in seniors and in disability sectors should cooperate to respond in a flexible and coordinated method to the needs of aging persons with developmental disabilities (Minister of Public Works and Government Services Canada, 2004). Adult Day Centers are designed to meet the needs of individuals with dementia and to support their strengths, abilities and independence. Why use an adult day center (Alzheimers Association, 2007). One reason to use an adult day center is to give you a break from care giving. While your loved one is at a center, youll have time to rest, run errands or finish other tasks. Adult Day Centers also offer the person with dementia opportunities to be social with others and participate in activities in a safe environment (Alzheimers Association, 2007). Adult Day Centers can vary. To choose the best setting for the individual with dementia, consult a variety of sources to find an appropriate adult day center (Alzheimers Association, 2007). Call your local senior center or area agency on aging, too. Give the day center a chance. Occasional use wont give you an accurate picture of how the center operates (Alzheimers Association, 2007). In addition, giving the person time to adjust to the experi ence of going to the center is beneficial. While some people may resist going to the center at first, they often look forward to the visit after several weeks of attending, meeting people and joining in activities (Alzheimers Association, 2007). At some point the person with Alzheimers may need more care than the center can provide. Center staff and support groups can help evaluate your needs for future care. The aging population including those with disabilities are faced with many issues. These issues include who takes care of them, financial issues which at times lead to financial abuse, and they are also faced with other types of abuse (Valios, 2007). These other types of abuse may be neglect, physical, verbal, and emotional abuse. Many of the individuals in this population do not have families and have lived in an institution or the residential services all their lives. Others lived with families that are aging, and they can no longer provide the required support their loved one. Much of this population do not have children of their own that can assist with any additional support requirements. Therefore, the aging population are often neglected, isolated, and ignored (Lueders, 2002). When individuals aging with a disability are ill, they may have difficulty in getting a service. Because of this, the aging population become vulnerable to many issues like abuse because of their depende ncy on other people for personal care (Lueders, 2002). Additional difficulties may be with communicating, and sometimes they are faced with guilt and shame of being disabled (Valios, 2007). With better and improved health status, many adults with development /intellectual disabilities are living to old age like à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"typicalà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ã‚  adults. This population is now out living their parents (American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (AAIDD) , 2011). Population aging and the deinstitutionalization of persons with developmental disabilities have given to situations where parents in their late adulthood, for example their eighties and seventies are still the primary caregiver of their disabled child in their fifties or sixties (American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (AAIDD) , 2011). As well, siblings often have an important role in providing functional, living and instrumental support. Sibling relationships are long lasting. According to the survey of National Adult Sibling Study, siblings of adults with disability they have special affection, and are more close to their brothers or sisters with disabilities (American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (AAIDD) , 2011). Because of long life expectancy due to the developing health system than before , the major concern of adult siblings is who will assist their disabled sibling when the parent are no longer with them, and where they will go. The aged parent sometimes forces the sibling of their child with developmental disabilities, to take over part or the entire care-giving role. Some siblings may be able to accept this role from aging parents; however, the amount of expenses and time they can provide support can be limited (American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (AAIDD) , 2011). Aging with disabilities and health issues have direct impact on family memberà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s ability to be direct care. In several recent studies, parents identified concerns surrounding their own relatives and ability to provide ongoing support to their family m ember. In some studies, several people talked about challenges of preparing themselves and their family members for separation (American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (AAIDD) , 2011). The family members of aging adult with disabilities are also concerned about secure housing, independency and dependency. This situation is more complicated for some older adult with intellectual and developmental disabilities because overall they are more dependent on their family members as well as agencies staff (American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (AAIDD) , 2011). Older family members are also looking forward to planning, for when they will be not able to provide the care to their relatives. Because families are the principal caregiver for most people with developmental disabilities, they also share this caregiver role with service providers. As people with developmental disabilities age, the transition period brings required changes in t he care giving and support provided by various family members and agencies (American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (AAIDD) , 2011).

The Power of Words Essay -- Psychology Essays

The Power of Words Communication and language are not always synonymous. Gesticulations and facial expression can convey certain messages that often make verbal expression unnecessary. Although I appreciate the endless possibilities that are associated with speaking, our primary means of communication, I have discovered that the human capacity for speech might not be as extremely innate as the linguist Noam Chomsky claimed. A few years ago, I had the privilege of encountering a thirty-five year-old woman named Joann at a summer camp for adults with multiple disabilities. Being extremely autistic, Joann was unable to close her mouth, let alone form distinguishable words. Instead of talking, her principal method of communication was to make clicks and guttural noises when she was upset or wanted something. Unlike the case of Genie, who was reared in a small room without human contact, Joann and many other autistic people are not raised in silence and should have theoretically learned to talk (as per Chom sky's theory). The camp counselors encouraged Joann's attempts at speech and tried to build her verbal skills, but they were never able to progress beyond monosyllabic words. Why wasn't she able to speak and why did they fail? To a certain extent, language is innate, but Daniel Dennett trivialized the depth and complexity of linguistics. He wrote, "...it's so effortless...for even 'slow' children to learn to speak. They aren't really learning at all, any more than birds learn their feathers. Language, and feathers, just develop in species..." (Dennett 388). This generalization is horribly arrogant and unfair to people like Joann, for whom any form of verbal communication is hardly 'effortless.' I think that some form of learn... ...heoretically could be speaking or trying to covey some message when she makes those utterances, as if she had completely bypassed the evolution of clicks into words. It has been suggested by psychologists that there is a "critical period" for language acquisition which theorizes that children lose the capacity to readily absorb new languages by the end of their toddler years. The fact that children are able to learn new languages so quickly shows that to some extent, language is innate, but speech is not acquired so easily. Joann will probably never be able to speak like other people, but there exists the possibility of her understanding much more than Dennett would give her credit for. Works Cited: Dennett, Daniel C. Darwin's Dangerous Idea. Simon and Schuster: New York, 1995. Pennisi, Elizabeth. "The First Language?" Science 27 Feb. 2004: 1319-1320.

Alcohol and Sports

When college students and adults drink irresponsibly, they often create negative associations with alcohol and its hindering effects. Alcohol is a constituent of various recreational and other events in the United States. It is available at a wide range of public sporting events and often is the central focus of celebrations of success and achievement. Unfortunately, as well as contributing to relaxation and conviviality, alcohol is also associated with verbal and physical abuse, arrests for aggressive behavior and violence and admissions to hospitals as a consequence of alcohol related assaults.These concluding aspects have recently been raised in sport broadcasting and news nationwide. This initiates problems such as violence, public urination, or people collapsing as a consequence of excessive drinking. Facility management programs have made proper precautions regarding such events. These problems are not a new phenomena in the world of sports. In an attempt to contain violence, m ore facilities and leagues have taken action to control and remove the availability of alcohol at such events.After considerable research, there seems to be a repetition of facility management aspects used in everyday sporting events, such as the TEAM and FAM organizational programs, specific â€Å"pre† and â€Å"post† game provisions, and actions regarding â€Å"in-game† incidents. There are many alcohol management strategies that facilities and programs have developed over the past two decades. Almost every professional sport team and facility follows the grand design of the non-profit organization called Techniques for Effective Alcohol Management.TEAM begin back in the 1980’s in reaction to the â€Å"high number of traffic fatalities resulting from heavy drinking at sporting events and to increasing public awareness of the problem of alcohol-related driving (Stadium Alcohol Management). † This program has two major goals regarding alcohol manag ement: reduce drunk-driving and publicize responsible drinking services and consumption at sporting arenas. There main focus is on major sporting venues. TEAM also branches into another program called Facility Alcohol Management (FAM).FAM further assists to public arenas in developing alcohol management. Furthermore, TEAM puts a strong emphasis on their 300 trainers who in turn train more than 30,000 sport facility employees. Training is a very important component involved in enhancing the awareness of staff. This regards factors that contribute to aggression and strategies to defuse potentially dangerous situations and legal issues regarding the proper management of venues. Hence, giving the staff an understanding of strategies to manage alcohol aggression on licensed premises.Planning is one of the most important features of alcohol management within a facility. An appropriate location of an event should always be selected with easy access to transport to and from the venue. Many sport facilities have restrictions or bans on alcohol brought into the venue, as well as restrictions on the type of containers brought into the venue. Alcohol is a great source of revenue for sport leagues and arenas. Facility organizers may also be unwilling to set up alcohol-free events because it is such a main attraction during game-play.More than 60% of professional sporting event revenues come from alcohol purchases (Class Video). Another important example of alcohol management planning is making sure to provide information before and during the event. This should include risks, regulations, requirements and controls. Sometimes the lack of information about strict alcohol polices can result in fans arriving unprepared, either not bringing enough money to purchase alcohol inside the venue or spending it before entry.There has been precaution involving the amount of alcohol served at sporting and large public events. Severity of alcohol problems can be related to length of a ga me, whether or not it is a playoff game or even if the game is an exciting one or not (Class Discussion). Facility managers and staff must take into consideration those key features of a game in order to prepare for alcohol related incidents. Facilities set restricted times for serving alcohol, including set period before the end of the event, where alcohol is no longer served..There have been proper preparations for regulating the sale of alcohol on premises within the grounds, particularly the times at which alcohol could be served. This allows for sobering up of patrons and reduced likelihood of drunk driving and other issues. This can be in between an inning, or at halftime. For example, most baseball games stop serving alcohol at the end of the 7th inning in order to maintain the crowd. Having a limited amount of alcohol served to each fan is another way a facility can avoid issues. Concession stands should only be serving 1 drink per customer.Most sporting facilities have kept this under control but staff members working the beverage stands have let this slide and provided more than 1 drink per customer. Server staff selection and training is very important, although evidence shows that enforcement needs to accompany this in order to ensure its effectiveness. Security staff and police officers have been a vital part of alcohol facility management over the past decade. During preparation for games and large sporting events, security takes measures to properly secure a facility for intended alcohol related use.Many facilities have implemented a range of strategies to reduce risks such as segregation of opposing fans or higher levels of policing. If there were safety concerns, security is granted authority to search public vehicles and individuals trying to enter an event with alcoholic beverages. It is important for the police force to try and maintain a crowd during the tailgating portion of an event. This is where the sot excessive drinking takes place. An example of a facility security measure involves video surveillance at the Milwaukee Brewers’ stadium.In the article Drinking Games, it states that â€Å"most parks now include video surveillance equipment that can home in on specific seat locations, but beer hawkers, concessions-stand workers and ushers equipped only with their own eyes are also relied upon to recognize the tell-tale signs of intoxication, or in some cases the mere probability of intoxication. † The security staff and police presence should be visible and have a clear view of the area around them. Also, they should have the authority to ban or remove fans for public displays of drunken behavior.Facility managers take into consideration the importance of harm reduction. Some arenas have been setting up â€Å"dry areas† or family areas to reduce risk and nuisance, especially for families and young people. Also, alcohol served in a tempered glass or plastic and foam cups help reduce the likeliho od of containers being used as weapons, and to prevent accidental or deliberate injury to staff and fans on the licensed premises. In Europe, they have â€Å"sobering-up† areas which act as a very valuable strategy (Study Abroad experience 2011).There was minimal effectiveness but it may enable management of those who are overly intoxicated. Traffic management should be something planned before, during and after a sport game. After games, there are security checkpoints where drivers are checked for intoxication or any alcoholic beverages in their possession. This is where many people are arrested for DUI’s and drunkenly misconduct. When looking at the alcohol management regarding Madison Square Garden, there seem to be procedures and provisions similar to the ones listen previously in this research paper.At most of the events at MSG, alcoholic beverages are available for purchase. They train their staff within the terms of the TEAM organization. Alcohol sales are limit ed to up to two alcoholic beverages per customer per transaction and must provide an ID with purchase. MSG makes sure that guests do not bring in alcoholic beverages from outside vendors, and cannot leave with beverages purchased inside the arena. The last part of their alcohol management statement deals with management reserving the right to refuse the sale of alcohol to any guest (MSG. com).While there have been significant sport broadcasting about alcohol related harm at various professional and collegiate sporting events, there is little direct evidence to guide quality practice of such events. Nevertheless, there are a range of strategies that can be generalized from the mainstream research on reducing alcohol related incidents and strategies that have unpretentious biases. This relationship is a complex one, it arises from our interactions among various factors relating to the American culture, our drinking venues and the individual.

An Old Woman.

The poem is highly symbolic and very common placed in it's subject matter. The poet was impressed by the temple of Kandoba at Jajori and the poem is thus against this setting. â€Å"An Old Woman† is a graphic picture of a beggar woman. Having lost the promises of her past, she is reduced to her present state. As the speaker views her squarely, he, in a sort of ‘revelation', becomes aware of the decay which has set in her person and which is extended to the decaying tradition symbolized by the hills and the temples. Without using many words, the old woman forces the narrator to look at her from closed quarters.It is then that he realizes the hypocrisy of society and the decadence of the social system that has ruined the old woman to a beggar. he finds that the social fabric is destroyed, architectural features go into ruins. Human values are forgotten. The old woman's condition reduces the narrator to a small status when he feels as insignificant as that small coin in her hand. This poem humbles us to remember our responsibility to society. It reveals the callousness, a failure on our part to take care of the elderly, protect our heritage and preserve our values.In the rush of materialism and the desire to achieve, one takes all that one can from society, but giving the same back is largely forgotten. So the cracking hills, crumbling temples, crumbling of social order is directly a result of our negligence, our failure to act responsibly. Somewhere, the materialistic world has made man selfish, trapping him in a race to accumulate. When society has to face this onslaught, cracks appear, but selfish man forgets to repair the cracks, forgets to salvage lost values, thereby creating a dilapidated social fabric†¦.

Electrophoresis Definition and Explanation

Electrophoresis Definition and Explanation Electrophoresis is the term used to describe the motion of particles in a gel or fluid within a relatively uniform electric field. Electrophoresis may be used to separate molecules based on charge,  size, and binding affinity. The technique  is mainly applied to separate and analyze biomolecules, such as DNA, RNA, proteins, nucleic acids, plasmids, and  fragments of these macromolecules. Electrophoresis is one of the techniques used to identify source DNA, as in paternity testing and forensic science. Electrophoresis of anions or negatively charged particles is called anaphoresis. Electrophoresis of cations or positively charged particles is called cataphoresis. Electrophoresis was first observed in 1807 by Ferdinand Frederic Reuss of Moscow State University, who noticed clay particles migrated in water subjected to a continuous electric field. Key Takeaways: Electrophoresis Electrophoresis is a technique used to separate molecules in a gel or fluid using an electric field.The rate and direction of particle movement in the electric field depends on the molecules size and electric charge.Usually electrophoresis is used to separate macromolecules, such as DNA, RNA, or proteins. How Electrophoresis Works In electrophoresis, there are two primary factors that control how quickly a particle can move and in what direction. First, the charge on the sample matters. Negatively charged species are attracted to the positive pole of an electric field, while positively charged species are attracted to the negative end. A neutral species may be ionized if the field is strong enough. Otherwise, it doesnt tend to be affected. The other factor is particle size. Small ions and molecules can move through a gel or liquid much more quickly than larger ones. While a charged particle is attracted to an opposite charge in an electric field, there are other forces that affect how a molecule moves. Friction and the electrostatic retardation force slow the progress of particles through the fluid or gel. In the case of gel electrophoresis, the concentration of the gel can be controlled to determine the pore size of the gel matrix, which influences mobility. A liquid buffer is also present, which controls the pH of the environment. As molecules are pulled through a liquid or gel, the medium heats up. This can denature the molecules as well as affect the rate of movement. The voltage is controlled to try to minimize the time required to separate molecules, while maintaining a good separation and keeping the chemical species intact. Sometimes electrophoresis is performed in a refrigerator to help compensate for the heat. Types of Electrophoresis Electrophoresis encompasses several related analytical techniques. Examples include: affinity electrophoresis - Affinity electrophoresis is a type of electrophoresis in which particles are separated based on complex formation or biospecific interactioncapillary electrophoresis - Capillary electrophoresis is a  type of electrophoresis used to separate ions depending mainly on the atomic radius, charge, and viscosity. As the name suggests, this technique is commonly performed in a glass tube. It yields quick results and a high resolution separation.gel electrophoresis - Gel electrophoresis is a  widely used type of electrophoresis in which molecules are separated by movement through a porous gel under the influence of an electrical field. The two main gel materials are agarose and polyacrylamide. Gel electrophoresis is used to separate nucleic acids (DNA and RNA), nucleic acid fragments, and proteins.immunoelectrophoresis - Immunoelectrophoresis is the general name given to a variety of electrophoretic techniques used to characterize and separate proteins based on their reaction to antibodies. electroblotting - Electroblotting is a technique used to recover nucleic acids or proteins following electrophoresis by transferring them onto a membrane. The polymers polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) or nitrocellulose are commonly used. Once the specimen has been recovered, it can be further analyzed using stains or probes. A western blot is one form of electroblotting used to detect specific proteins using artificial antibodies.pulsed-field gel electrophoresis - Pulsed-field electrophoresis is used to separate macromolecules, such as DNA, by periodically changing the direction of the electric field applied to a gel matrix. The reason the electric field is changed is because traditional gel electrophoresis is unable to efficiently separate very large molecules that all tend to migrate together. Changing the direction of the electric field gives the molecules additional directions to travel, so they have a path through the gel. The voltage is generally switched between three directions : one running along the axis of the gel and two at 60 degrees to either side. Although the process takes longer than traditional gel electrophoresis, its better at separating large pieces of DNA. isoelectric focusing - Isoelectric focusing (IEF or electrofocusing) is a form of electrophoresis that separates molecules based on different isoelectric points. IEF is most often performed on proteins because their electrical charge depends on pH.

History paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

History paper - Essay Example This time, though, the rising urban class of shopkeepers and artisans, known as the bourgeoisie, continued the struggle, focusing it against the noble landowning class that had traditionally been the support of the monarchy. With the bourgeoisie success, the noble class was pulled down, the king along with it as its figurehead, and replaced by the First Republic. In many ways, the search for the reasons and participants can be found in the theories brought forward by Karl Marx, such as in the popular protest movements of the day which provide a more accurate view of both how the monarchy lost its favor and who was most in control of the political and social changes that were happening in those years. French society at the time of the Revolution was very similar to most of the other countries of Europe of the period in that it had an absolute monarchy that followed much the same pattern of rule that had been established by Louis XIV in the early 1700s. As a part of this system, there was an aristocratic class that held most of the status and wealth of the nation in a feudal-type system and a merchant class called the bourgeoisie that, at times, held enough wealth to rival the nobles, but had none of the political clout. There was â€Å"a vast peasantry accounting for one in seven or one in eight of the population, most of who were legally free but bound to their seigneur †¦ by a myriad of services and obligations surviving from the medieval past. †¦ And, in cities, †¦ a great urban population of innumerable crafts and occupations, for the most part poor and depending for survival on cheap and plentiful bread† (Rude 1995). What made France different from thes e other countries that shared so many attributes was the fact that the French bureaucracy had been allowed to gain enough wealth to make them independent of the crown that had given them such

History of Telephone Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

History of Telephone - Essay Example Bell developed new and original ideas, but did so by building on older ideas and development (Farley). Transmission of electricity over wires by Stephen Gray in 1729, first Battery produced by Alessandro Volta in 1800, Michael Faraday's experiments with electromagnetism in 1821, Professor Henry's transmission of the first practical electric signal and the invention of the electromagnet in 1830 were the major developments, which paved the way for the invention of the first working telegraph by Samuel Morse in 1837, and the completion of the first non-working telephone in 1861 by Johann Phillip Reis. Successful experiments with a clock spring reed in transmitting actual sound over a pair of wires, ultimately led to the birth of the telephone on March 10, 1876, with the famous first sentence to be transmitted accidentally: "Mr. Watson, come here, I want you". With other inventors like Elisha Gray closely on his heels, Bell received his patent No. 174,465 for his epoch making invention. Since his invention was unprecedented, Bell was obliged to call it as "an improvement in telegraphy". Obviously, it was the telegraph and its wired network, which was most responsible for the development and success of the telephone. Impact of the Telephone on the social elements: Even after being baptized by the patent office and given a royal reception at the Philadelphia Centennial Exposition, Bell, instead of being applauded was pelted with a hailstorm of ridicule. While men of trade and commerce preferred to call it a scientific toy,. The newspapers went to the extent of describing it as 'the latest American humbug' (the London times), Salem Witchcraft , and something associated with the powers of darkness (The Providence press).The very idea of speaking to a metal piece seemed too bizarre and freakish. Since no one could understand how it worked, people saw this performance as a loss of dignity. Public Officials were slow to adopt it, as they were accustomed to use of written documents, and so was the banking community. It was only after a series of demonstrations and lectures arranged by Bell, as well as an account of a documented 3 hour demonstration, published in The Boston Advertiser (October 19, 1876), that people started taking it seriously. They r ealized, after several years of turmoil, that the telephone offered a hitherto unknown advantage of a 'Human Touch' to the communication. One could converse, respond to tones of voice and moods, discuss, persuade, enquire, argue and even reach agreements in a few minutes, in a personal way. It enabled members of the family to travel and even emigrate with increased security. It enabled the government to handle emergencies, like war, fires, accidents storms etc. Medical emergencies could be attended to much more efficiently. As it was having several advantages over telegraph, the businesses were in a position to handle all the issues in a more personalized way, and much faster. The Telephone in people's homes: Reasons for the delayed entry: The real popularity of the telephone in the home segment had to wait for more than 20 years after the invention of the